Network Layer Protocols -- Duration: 3-4 days
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Synopsis	This course discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack - the driving force behind the Internet. Detailed discussions of layer II protocols (primarily Ethernet), the Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP), and the routing protocols RIPv2 and OSPF. This course also touches on advanced aspects of networking, such as QoS (Quality of Service) and Multicasting. In essence, this course is a journey up the OSI model - focusing on the Data Link, Network, and Transport layers. Detailed examples with a network analyzer (WireShark) provide students with a comprehensive view of all networking concepts, both basic and advanced. Additional hands on exercises allow the students to get a direct exposure to what goes on in the wire and air.
Target Audience	System administrators, Network administrators, and individuals who need to design or work in IP-based networks
Prerequisites
Objectives	Explain the 7 layers of the OSI model Describe the basic media types, wired and wireless Explain in-depth Ethernet framing Be familiar with the Spanning Tree Protocols (STP) for bridges and switches Explain IPv4 Addressing, classes and subnets Design an IPv4 network topology Explain the advantages and challenges of IPv6 Describe the functionality of ICMP Explain the differences between TCP and UDP Explain the basics of routing protocols - distance vector and link state
Exercises	(Optional)
Modules
1. Introduction 1 hours This module refreshes the basic concepts of networking. Focusing on the OSI (7-layer) model, it details the functionality and responsibilities of each layer, and the multiple possible implementations. In particular, we discuss: Basic networking concepts The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model Addressing - Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Packets and fragmentation 2. Layer I: The Physical Layer 1 hours Our first step up the OSI ladder is the Physical layer. This module explains the various media: Wired and Wireless, and explains basic concepts such as data encoding, multiplexing, and transmission. Topics include: Media types: Wired vs. Wireless Media classification: Private vs. shared The wireless spectrum Wired media: Copper-based vs. fiber Data encoding over wireless: modulation Data encoding over wired: pulses and Manchester encoding Media access: Division Multiplexing 3. Layer II: Data Link - and Ethernet 2 hours Climbing up from the Physical, we next tackle the Data Link layer, and its most common implementation - Ethernet. Using Ethereal, we demonstrate common Ethernet implementations. In particular, we discuss: The role of Data Link: Framing, Checksumming and addressing Framing and MTU: runts, frames and jumbos Sample implementations: Frame Relay, ATM, FDDI (brief) De facto standard: Ethernet Ethernet cabling types: nnBaseXX... Ethernet speeds: 10, 10/100, Gigabit and multi-Gigabit Ethernet frame types: 802.2, 802.3, II and 802.11 Ethernet enhancements: 802.1p and 802.1q Ethernet security: 802.1x 4. Layer II switching & Bridging 3 hours Still in Layer II, we tackle advanced aspects of switching and bridging. This module explains the aspects of Ethernet connectivity: Topologies: Hubs, Bridges and Switches Broadcast and collision domains Bridging/Switching: Responsibilities of a bridge/switch Learning bridges The Spanning Tree Algorithm Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs), trunking and tagging Day 2 5. Layer III and IP 2(3) hours Stepping up from Layer II, we encounter the Network layer. Here, we find the most common implmentation - IPv4, and touch briefly on IPv6. Layer III responsibilities: Best effort packet routing IPv4: IPv4 addressing scheme IPv4 addressing classes IPv4 subnetting and network planning IPv6: Addressing the shortcomings of IPv4 Why IPv6 is better .. and why it is not.. 6. IP Packets 2(4) hours Delving deeper into IPv4, we explore the IP header, in depth: IP Header fields Classes of services, and basic QoS Handling fragmentation Checksumming IP Options IPv6 headers vs. IPv4 headers The sidekick: ICMP 7. Advanced IP tricks 1(2) hours This module explores the advanced concepts of IP addressing and routing - including: IP-in-IP IP Tunneling Network Address Translation Multi Protocol Label Switching IP Header Compression 8. IP Routing 2(4) hours IP merely provides an address space. The actual work is done by helper protocols. This module explores IP's worker protocols - in charge of the actual routing: IP routing concepts Routing Loops Routing algorithms: Link State vs. Distance Vector Distance Vector Protocols: RIP and RIPv2 Link State Protocols: OSPFv2 Hybrid Protocols: IGRP/EIGRP Exterior Protocols: BGP/EGP-4 Day 3 9. QoS and Multicast 2 hours IP routing is "best effort" with no guarantees. Enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS), however, provide an exciting array of options to allow for reliable routing and real-time performance. Additionally, multicasting in IPv4 allows for considerable bandwidth savings. In this module: QoS Concepts Differntiated Services Integrated Services & RSVP Multicast Concepts Multicast savings IGMP Multicast Routing PIM (DM, SM) MOSPF 10. Transport Layer (I): UDP 1 hours This module steps up to the transport layer, and focuses on its simpler implemntation, the User Datagram Protocol: Transport Layer responsibilities Implementation: UDP Simplicity in design: datagrams Unreliable, connection-less and message-oriented Uses of UDP 10. Transport Layer (II): TCP 4(6) hours UDP is simple and effective, but unreliable. As a result, the protocol suite is known for its other implementation - TCP. We cover all aspects of TCP, including: Implementation: TCP Reliability via acknowledgment Stream-orientation and sequencing The Packet structure The TCP three way handshake Connection Teardown: RST vs. FIN TCP Windows TCP Options

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